| Topic | Key Facts & Highlights |
|---|---|
| 1. Fifty Years of the National Emergency (1975-1977) | - June 25, 1975: Emergency imposed by PM Indira Gandhi under Article 352. <br>- Features: Suspension of fundamental rights, press censorship, mass arrests, rule by decree. <br>- Duration: Ended on March 21, 1977. <br>- Significance: Critical for understanding democratic safeguards and constitutional history. |
| 2. Axiom-4 Mission: India's Human Spaceflight Milestone | - Indian astronaut: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla spent 18 days on ISS. <br>- Orbits: 288 around Earth. <br>- Splashdown: July 15, 2025, in the Pacific Ocean. <br>- Impact: Strengthened India's role in global space research. |
| 3. Nepal's Gen Z Protest & Political Upheaval | - September 2025: Youth-led protests against social media restrictions & corruption. <br>- Result: PM K.P. Sharma Oli resigned (Sept 9), replaced by Interim PM Sushila S. Karki (Sept 12). <br>- Significance: Highlights youth movements & political transitions in South Asia. |
| 4. Ranveer Allahbadia Controversy & Obscenity Laws | - Issue: Remarks on a comedy show triggered debate on freedom of expression vs obscenity laws. <br>- Legal Context: Hicklin Test (1868) & Ranjit D. Udeshi vs Maharashtra (1964). <br>- Impact: Revived discussions on legal standards for content regulation. |
| 5. Donald Trump's Reciprocal Tariffs Announcement | - April 2025: 10% base tariff on all imports, followed by country-specific duties. <br>- "Liberation Day": Term used by Trump. <br>- Implementation: After 90-day pause, enforced from August 27, 2025. <br>- Global Impact: Disrupted trade norms & supply chains. |
| 6. The Ghibli Trend & AI Ethics Debate | - March 2025: AI-generated Ghibli-style art went viral. <br>- Concerns: Copyright infringement, ethical AI use, future of creative jobs. <br>- Studio Ghibli: Founded in 1985 by Hayao Miyazaki, Isao Takahata, Toshio Suzuki. <br>- Miyazaki's stance: Criticized AI art for lacking human emotion. |
| 7. Chola Dynasty & Rajendra Chola I | - July 2025: PM Modi visited Gangaikonda Cholapuram for 1000 years of Rajendra Chola I's SE Asia expedition. <br>- Commemorations: Coin unveiled, exhibition on Chola naval power. <br>- Historical Significance: Cholas were a longest-ruling dynasty, expanded maritime influence. |
| 8. India Becomes Fourth Largest Economy | - IMF Report (April 2025): India surpassed Japan to become 4th largest economy. <br>- Growth: Projected as fastest-growing major economy for next 2 years. <br>- Factors: Strong macroeconomic fundamentals & long-term potential. |
| 9. Caste Census Approval | - April 30, 2025: Cabinet approved inclusion of caste data in census. <br>- Announced by: Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw. <br>- Historical Context: First census (1872), synchronous census (1881 under W.C. Plowden). <br>- Debate: Links to social justice & governance policies. |
| 10. Implementation of India's Four Labour Codes | - Effective from: November 21, 2025. <br>- Codes: <br> 1. Code on Wages (2019) <br> 2. Industrial Relations Code (2020) <br> 3. Code on Social Security (2020) <br> 4. OSH Code (2020). <br>- Aim: Simplify compliance, uniform wages, expand social security coverage. <br>- Replaced: 29 central labour laws. |
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